The Ghost Dance is a dance that Indians do in hopes to bring back their dead ancestors. Big Foot band Which consisted of  women that lost their husband or male relative  n battle with Custer, Miles, and Crook. They would dance until they collapsed to hope that it would bring back the dead warriors. Sitting Bull doubled that they would come back from the dead. Kicking Bear assured them that if they the white shirts with magic symbols that the bullets wouldn't hurt them. Sitting Bull consented it which thus lead to the death of  Kicking Bear on December 15. As the number of people involved in the Ghost  Dance Movement increased the panic  and hysteria of the Indian agents increased with it . McLauglin Telegraphed Washington to ask him for troops and blaming Sitting Bull as the power behind this "pernicious system of religion." "The coming of the troops has frightened the Indians. If the Seventh- Day Adventists prepare the ascension robes for the second coming of the savior the United States Army is not put in motion to prevent them. Why shouldn't the indians have the same privilege? IOf the troops remain , trouble is sure to come." On December 12, they recieved the order to arrest Sitting Bull. The Indian  police surrounded sitting bulls cabin before dawn. When they entered the cabin he agreed to go with them and wanted his horse saddled. While he was dressing a group of  ghos5t dancers came to challenge the group. Lieutenant Bull Head was shot in the side and when he tried to shoot back he shot Sitting Bull. Then another policeman shot Sitting Bull in the head . Many Indian policeman died that day before the calvery arrived to quit the fighting.
     The Ghost Dance was an attempt of a group of North American Indian Tribes to further seperate themselves from the white man and the religious doctrines they were forcing uponthe tribal peoples. The despair and nostalgia associated with the Ghost Dance reflectsthat period from which this movement evolved. These plains tribes faced losing thier freedom and being overtaken of their homes, their beliefs, and their existence. This Ghost Dance is a ressurection of the dead a bringing back of the customs and way of life that the indians were trying to hold onto. The prophet began the movement of Ghost Dance was Wovoka . He was known as the medicine man, he was said during an eclipse of the sun and white suffering an high fever. Wovoka had a vision which inspired the development of the movement known as the ghost dance. The ghost dance was different from others cause it consisted of fast steps a loud drumming. It had slow shuffling movements following the path of the sun. It was performed for four or five days with singing and chanting but not drumming. In addition men and women both participated in the dance. Men were the main dancers, singers, and musicians. The first dance was held by Wovoka in 1889. The plains tribes also adopted the Ghost Dance movement also the peaceful message of hope was spreading and uplifting many Indians. Sitting Bull adopted the Ghost Dance into his way of life. He was a respected leader, medicine man, and warrior ,and a famous Sioux warrior. The Ghost Dance continued to be danced in more Southern tribes, but the end of the movement really came with the death of  Wounded Knee. These hopes of the Indian also ended at the massacre.

 

     Kavanagh located 78 ghost Dance Images. which were all taken among the Southern Arapho of Oklahoma . Mooney arrived in Indian territory in December 1890 ; By the time he was in Darlington Agency Headquarters of the Cheyennes and Arapahos  towards the end of the month,  " The ground was covered deeply in snow, which stopped the dancing for several weeks." The rehearsals were held in the tipi of Black Coyote almost every night until all the snow melted . Then " When all the snow melted, the dancers were renewed." Mooney wrote the Henry Henshaw on January 27, a tuesday and said" Sunday{ i.e. two days previous the 25th} [I] counted at one time 139 dancers, besides outside spectators with 26 others inside the circle . some in a manic frenzy, some in spasms , and others  stretched out on the ground stiff an unconcious." (Monney to Hnshaw, 27 Jan 1891).

 

     Tavibo, used his fathers teachings and his own vision during an eclipse of the sun. He began to spread "gospel" that had come to be known as the ghost dance religion. Tavibo told people that hte earth would soon perish and hten come alive again in a pure, abdoriginal state. for them to earn this new raku=ity they had to live harmoniously, and honestly , cleanse themselves very often, and also shun the way the white did, especially alcohol, the destroyer. Wovoka discouraged the practice of mourning, because the dead would soon be resurrected, demanding instead the performance prayers, meditation, chanting, and especiallly dancing through which might briefly die and catch a glimpse of the paradise to come.

 

     Three hundred tents were placed in a circle, with a tree in the center. It was covered with strips of various colors like eagle feathers, stuffed birds, claws, and horns all offerings to the Great Spirit. Their shirts for the men was made of the same material shirts and legging painted in red. Some of the legging were painted in strips running up and down and some others running around the necks, and the whole garmet was fantastically sprinkled with figures of birds, bows and arrows, sun and stars, and  everything they saw in nature. On the outside of the sleeve was rows of feathers tied up the quill ends and left to fly in the breeze, and also a ring around the neck and up and down the outside of the leggings. After the master spoke for fifteen minutes three of four hundred people arose. One  of them stood directly beside another each with their hand on their neighbors shoulder. After they walked about 5 times chanting "Father , I come," they stopped marching. But they remained in the circle and set up the most fearful, heart- piercing ails I ever heard- crying, moaning, groaning, and shrieking out their grief. When the people arose again, they enlarged the circle by facing towards the center the hold of hands, and moving around in the manner of school children in their play "needle's eye." And now the most intense excitement began. The people would as fast as they could, with their hands moving from side to side, their bodies swaying. If one, more weak and frail, came near falling, he would be jerked up and positioned until tired nature gave away. From the beginning they chanted, They chanted to monotonous tune, the words were. Father, I come; Mother, I come; Brother, I come; Father gives us back our arrows. They would repeat over ond over again until first one and then anyone woild break from the ring and stagger away and fall down. The people kept up dancing until fully 100 people were lying unconcious then they stopped and seated themselves in a circle, and as each recovered from his trait was brought to the center of the ring to relate his experience.

 

     As according to Wovoka, converts of the new religion were suppose to take part in the ghost dance to hassten the arrival of  the newera as promised by the mession. Even though the Bureau of Indian affairs banned the ghost dance as they did all other Indians spiritual rituals. The Lakotas adopted it and began composing sacred songs of hope: The whole world is coming, a nation is coming, a nation is coming, the eagle has brought them message to the tribe. The father says so , the father says so over the whole earth they are coming , The buffalo are coming, the buffalo are coming , the crow has brought the message to the tribe, The father says so, the father says so. The ghost dance religion promised an apocalypse in the coming years during which time the earth would be destroted, only to be recreated with the Indians as the inheritors of the new earth. The ghost dance finally ended.

 


Amanda Davidson Bibliography